AGGRAVATED ASSAULT

Aggravated assault in Arizona pursuant to ARS 13-1204 is also known as felony assault. The way a misdemeanor assault becomes a felony aggravated assault when the assault is aggravated, or made worse, by some other factor. The most common factors that aggravate an assault are when the assaulter uses a weapon or causes serious physical injury to another person. While there are many ways to commit felony aggravated assault in Arizona, the crime is serious and requires a carefully crafted defense.

AGGRAVATED ASSAULT DEFINED

There are many ways that a person can be charged with aggravated assault in Arizona under ARS 13-1204. In essence, however, in order to be found guilty of aggravated assault the prosecution must prove simple assault plus an aggravator.

A. Simple Assault. A conviction for aggravated assault requires the prosecution to first prove the underlying simple assault (Simple Assault + Aggravator). This means that the prosecution must first prove that you:

• Intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused any physical injury to another person; or
• Intentionally put another person in reasonable apprehension of imminent physical injury; or
• Knowingly touched another person with the intent to injure, insult, or provoke that person.

B. Aggravator. The prosecution then must prove that the assault was aggravated by one of the factors listed in ARS 13-1204. These factors fall within four main categories:

1. Weapon Used
2. Injury Caused
3. Victim’s Home
4. Victim’s Status or Helplessness

1. Weapon Used

Deadly Weapon or Dangerous Instrument

Aggravated assault based on the use of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument does not require that the victim be injured in any way. The use of a deadly weapon or dangerous weapon when committing an assault creates a risk that a victim will suffer serious physical injury or death. So, it alone is enough to raise a simple assault to an aggravated assault.

• Felony Classification. Aggravated assault with a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument is a Class 3 Dangerous Felony. But if the victim is an officer or a prosecutor, then it is classified as a more serious Class 2 Dangerous Felony. Also, if the victim is a child under the age of 15, then it is a Class 2 Felony and a Dangerous Crime Against Children. Read more under Penalties for Aggravated Assault.
• Elements. The prosecution must prove that you committed an assault and that you used a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument.
• Deadly Weapon Defined. A deadly weapon means anything designed for lethal use.
  • Examples: A gun or knife.

• • A gun must be operable to be a deadly weapon. If the gun was permanently inoperable, then Arizona law does not consider it to be a deadly weapon. But this is not necessarily true if the gun is only temporarily inoperable. The Arizona Court of Appeals has found that if a gun is only temporarily inoperable, such as if a revolver is missing a pin, then the gun still qualifies as a deadly weapon.

• • If the gun used was permanently inoperable, then the prosecution can still charge you with aggravated assault based on using a simulated deadly weapon. Whereas you must be sentenced to prison if you used a deadly weapon, you are eligible for probation if the weapon is considered to be a simulated deadly weapon (for a first-time offense).
• Dangerous Instrument Defined. A dangerous instrument means anything that is readily capable of causing death or serious physical injury under the circumstances in which it is used. It refers to a wide range of objects that can inflict death or great bodily harm.
  • Examples: A hammer, bat, golf club, or car.

• • The intended use of these items is not to cause death or serious physical injury. But if a person swings a hammer, bat, or golf club at another person’s head, or uses their car to purposely hit another person, then the circumstances in which the instrument is used transforms it into a dangerous instrument.

• • A common type of aggravated assault charge is vehicular assault where a person drives a car while under the influence of alcohol or drugs and causes an accident that injures another person. Go to Vehicular Assault to learn more.

Simulated Deadly Weapon

The law recognizes that the ultimate trauma to the victim is no different whether a person uses an actual deadly weapon or a simulated deadly weapon to commit an assault. A fake gun causes real fear of death or serious physical injury, even if the fake gun cannot actually cause death or serious physical injury.

• Felony Classification. Aggravated assault with a simulated deadly weapon is a Class 3 Felony.
• Elements. The prosecution must prove that you committed an assault and that you used a simulated deadly weapon.
• Simulated Deadly Weapon Defined. This is typically a fake gun or toy gun. A person’s hand can also be a simulated deadly weapon if they hold their hand under their clothes to give the appearance of a handgun. Another example of a simulated deadly weapon is a nasal inhaler used to simulate the barrel of a gun pressed to the victim’s body.
• When No Actual Gun is Recovered. Sometimes, a person commits an assault using a real gun, but then tosses the gun afterward. If the police are unable to find the gun used, then the prosecution most likely will not be able to prove that the gun was operable to make it qualify as a deadly weapon. So, the prosecution must charge the crime as aggravated assault with a simulated deadly weapon.

2. Injury Caused

Serious Physical Injury

A simple assault can be committed when a person causes any physical injury, even when the injury is minor, such as a small scrape or bruise. A simple assault is elevated to an aggravated assault when a serious physical injury is caused to reflect the seriousness of the harm.

• Felony Classification. Aggravated assault causing serious physical injury is a Class 3 Dangerous Felony. But if the victim is an officer or a prosecutor, then it is classified as a more serious Class 2 Dangerous Felony. Also, if the victim is a child under the age of 15, then it is a Class 2 Felony and a Dangerous Crime Against Children. Read more under Penalties for Aggravated Assault.
• Elements. The prosecution must prove that you committed an assault and that you caused serious physical injury to another person.
• Serious Physical Injury Defined. Serious physical injury is a physical injury that creates a reasonable risk of death, or that causes serious and permanent disfigurement, serious impairment of health, or loss or protracted impairment of the function of any bodily organ or limb.

• • Examples: Amputated body parts; paralysis; injuries requiring surgery or longer than normal healing time.

Temporary But Substantial Injury

A simple assault can also be elevated to an aggravated assault when the force used caused a fracture or some other type of temporary but substantial injury. This type of injury is worse than a simple physical injury, but not as bad as a serious physical injury.

• Felony Classification. Because the injury does not rise to the level of a serious physical injury, this type of aggravated assault is classified as a Class 4 Felony. But if the victim is an officer or prosecutor, then it is classified as a Class 3 Felony.
• Elements. The prosecution must prove that you committed an assault and that you caused:
  • temporary but substantial disfigurement; or
  • temporary but substantial loss or impairment of any body organ or part; or
  • a fracture of any body part.
• Temporary but Substantial Disfigurement. This term is not defined by Arizona statute. So, whether temporary but substantial disfigurement was caused will depend on the facts of a case and will be up to a jury to decide.

When there is no statute that defines a term, then the common meanings are used. Arizona courts have turned to dictionaries for definitions. Temporary has been defined to mean lasting for a limited time. Substantial has been defined to mean considerable. And disfigurement has been defined to mean to blemish or spoil the appearance or shape of.

A jury will consider factors such as the injury’s seriousness, location, duration, and visibility to others to decide if it is temporary but substantial disfigurement.

• • Examples: A visible cut to the hand; a cut through the skin that exposes the tissue underneath; severe bruising to the face or body.

• Temporary but Substantial Loss or Impairment of any Body Organ or Part.

• • Examples: Injury that causes limited ability to move any body part, such as an arm or leg; headaches; numbness; injury to hip that makes it difficult to sit or stand for long.
  • Artificial body organ or part. A body’s organ or part does not include artificial organs or parts. But if you damage or destroy an artificial body part, it could result in the temporary but substantial loss or impairment of an actual body part. For example, an assault that breaks an artificial hip joint would impair the person’s ability to walk. Also, an assault that causes a person to lose an artificial tooth could cause temporary or substantial loss or impairment of that person’s use of their mouth. It depends on the facts.
• Fracture. A fracture includes a partial or complete break in a bone. But if a broken bone requires more time to heal than a normal fracture, then it could potentially rise to the level of a serious physical injury. Again, it depends on the facts.

Strangulation or Suffocation

To deal with rising issues of domestic violence, in 2010, Arizona created a new type of aggravated assault based on the common domestic violent act of a person strangling or suffocating another person. This type of felony assault is committed when the assaulter and the victim have a relationship that could be classified as a domestic violence relationship under the domestic violence statute A.R.S. § 13-3601.

• Felony Classification. Aggravated assault based on strangulation or suffocation and a domestic violence relationship is a Class 4 Felony and Domestic Violence Offense.
• Elements. The prosecution must prove that you committed an assault and that you intentionally or knowingly impeded the normal breathing or circulation of blood of another person:
  • by applying pressure to the throat or neck, or
  • by obstructing the nose and mouth
  • either manually or through the use of an instrument; and

You have any of domestic violence relationship as listed in ARS 13-3601. This includes relationships such as:

• • • You and the victim are married or were married;
    • You and the victim are roommates or were roommates;
    • You and the victim have a child together;
    • You or the victim are pregnant by each other;
    • The victim is your or your spouse’s parent, grandparent, child, grandchild, brother, or sister (by blood or adoption);
    • The victim is your stepparent, step-grandparent, stepchild, step-grandchild;
    • You and the victim are, currently, or were previously in a romantic or sexual relationship.

3. Victim’s Home

The law recognizes the sanctity of a person’s home. So, when you go into someone’s home to assault them, then the assault is elevated from a misdemeanor assault to a felony assault.

• Felony Classification. Aggravated assault in a person’s private home is a Class 6 Felony.
• Elements. The prosecution must prove that you:
  • Entered the private home of another person with the intent to commit an assault; and
  • Committed the assault after entering the person’s private home.

• Example. Going into another person’s home with the intent to start a fight with them and then provoking them into a fight; going into another person’s home with the intent to hit them and then hitting them.

4. Victim’s Status or Victim’s Helplessness

A simple assault becomes an aggravated assault when the assault is committed against certain people who the law considers as worthy of special protection. This includes vulnerable victims and victims who hold certain positions in society—such as an officer or a health care provider. A complete list of these victims can be found in ARS 13-1204. Some of the more common types of victims that will transform a misdemeanor assault into a felony assault are listed below.

Victim’s Status

• Elements. The prosecution must prove that you committed an assault and that you knew or had reason to know that her person assaulted was a:
  • Police officer; or

• • Firefighter, emergency medical technician, or paramedic; or

• • Teacher, school nurse, or school employee; or

• • Health care provider; or

• • Prosecutor, public defender, or judicial officer.

Generally, the prosecution must also prove that the victim was engaged in the execution of their official or professional duties. The exception is when the victim is a police officer. A police officer does not have to be engaged in their official duties to make an assault an aggravated assault.

• Felony Classification. Aggravated assault based on a victim’s status is a Class 6 Felony. The exception is when the victim is a police officer. When the victim is a police officer, then the aggravated assault is a Class 5 Felony. And when the victim is a police officer and any physical injury results, then the aggravated assault is bumped up to a Class 4 Felony. The seriousness of the felony is also bumped up when the victim is a prosecutor and any physical injury results. The aggravated assault goes from a Class 6 Felony to a Class 5 Felony. Any physical injury includes even a minor injury such as a small scrape or bruise.

Victim’s Helplessness

• Elements. The prosecution must prove that you committed an assault and that the person assaulted was:

• • A child under 15 years of age; or
  • A person who was tied up or whose ability to resist was substantially impaired.

• Felony Classification. Aggravated assault against a victim that the law considers helpless is a Class 6 Felony.
• Victim’s Ability to Resist was Substantially Impaired. This includes when a victim is sleeping. It could also include an elderly victim whose ability to resist was substantially impaired by their age.

AGGRAVATED ASSAULT SENTENCE

The aggravated assault sentence you should expect depends on such things as:

1. Which factor aggravates the assault and its corresponding felony classification;
2. Whether there are any additional allegations by the prosecution, such as alleging that the aggravated assault is a dangerous offense, a dangerous crime against children, or a domestic violence offense.

Allegations to Aggravated Assault

• Dangerous Offense. A dangerous offense is a crime that involved the use of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument; or the intentional or knowing infliction of serious physical injury on another person. If the prosecution proves that the aggravated assault was a dangerous offense, then you cannot be placed on probation and the aggravated assault sentence must include prison. This means that even if you have no prior criminal history, you cannot be placed on probation and must be sentenced to prison.
• Dangerous Crime Against Children (DCAC). A dangerous crime against children is any crime listed in A.R.S. § 13-705 that is committed against a child who is under 15 years of age. This includes aggravated assault with a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument and aggravated assault causing serious physical injury. If the prosecution proves that the aggravated assault was a dangerous crime against children, the you cannot be placed on probation and you must be sentenced to prison according to the dangerous crimes against children statute A.R.S. § 13-705.
• Domestic Violence Offense. As discussed above, if you and the victim have a domestic violence relationship as listed in A.R.S. § 13-3601 and you strangled or suffocated the victim, then the aggravated assault is classified as a Class 4 Felony and Domestic Violence Offense. But almost any of the other types of aggravated assault offenses can also be classified as a domestic violence offense if you have a domestic violence relationship. If you are convicted of aggravated assault as a domestic violence offense, then you will have to abide by special domestic violence terms of probation, if placed on probation. Additionally, you cannot have your gun rights restored.
• Prior Felony Convictions. If you have prior felony convictions and the prosecution is able to prove them, then you face even more prison time.

Class 2 Dangerous Felony Aggravated Assault

The types of aggravated assault offenses defined above that are Class 2 Dangerous Felonies include assaults that are aggravated by the following factors:

• Deadly weapon or dangerous instrument when the victim is an officer or prosecutor;
• Serious physical injury when the victim is an officer or prosecutor 

If convicted, the judge starts by considering the presumptive term of 10.5 years in prison. If there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances, then the judge can go down to a minimum sentence of 7 years in prison and go up to a maximum sentence of 21 years in prison.

SIDE NOTE: intentionally or knowingly committed the aggravated assault on a police officer, then you face 10.5 years to 21 years in prison.

Class 2 Felony and Dangerous Crime Against Children (DCAC)

The types of aggravated assault offenses defined above that are Class 2 Felonies and Dangerous Crimes Against Children include assaults that are aggravated by the following factors:

• Deadly weapon or dangerous instrument when the victim is a child who is under 15 years of age;
• Serious physical injury when the victim is a child who is under 15 years of age.

If convicted, the judge starts by considering the presumptive term of 17 years in prison. If there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances, then the judge can go down to a minimum sentence of 10 years in prison and go up to a maximum sentence of 24 years in prison.

Class 3 Dangerous Felony Aggravated Assault

The types of aggravated assault offenses defined above that are Class 3 Dangerous Felonies include assaults that are aggravated by the following factors:

• Deadly weapon or dangerous instrument
• Serious physical injury

If convicted, the judge starts by considering the presumptive term of 7.5 years in prison. If there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances, then the judge can go down to a minimum sentence of 5 years in prison and go up to a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison.

For Class 3 Felony Aggravated Assault (Non-Dangerous)

The types of aggravated assault offenses defined above that are Class 3 Felonies include assaults that are aggravated by the following factors:

• Simulated deadly weapon;
• Temporary but substantial injury when the victim is an officer or prosecutor;

If convicted, the judge could place you on probation, with anywhere from 0 days in jail to 12 months in jail. The judge cold also sentence you to a prison term.  If sentenced to prison, the judge starts by considering the presumptive term of 3.5 years in prison. If there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances, then the judge can go down to 2 years in prison and go up to 8.75 years in prison.

For Class 4 Felony Aggravated Assault

The types of aggravated assault offenses defined above that are Class 4 Felonies include assaults that are aggravated by the following factors:

• Temporary but substantial injury;
• Victim is a police officer (and received any physical injury);
• Strangulation or suffocation with a domestic violence relationship.

If convicted, the judge could place you on probation, with anywhere from 0 days in jail to 12 months in jail. The judge cold also sentence you to a prison term.  If sentenced to prison, the judge starts by considering the presumptive term of 2.5 years in prison. If there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances, then the judge can go down to 1 year in prison and go up to 3.75 years in prison.

For Class 5 Felony Aggravated Assault

The types of aggravated assault offenses defined above that are Class 5 Felonies include assaults that are aggravated by the following factors:

• Victim is a police officer (no injuries);
• Victim is a prosecutor (and received any physical injury).

The judge could place you on probation, with anywhere from 0 days in jail to 12 months in jail. The judge cold also sentence you to a prison term.  If sentenced to prison, the judge starts by considering the presumptive term of 1.5 years in prison. If there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances, then the judge can go down to 0.5 year in prison and go up to 2.5 years in prison. 

For Class 6 Felony Aggravated Assault

 The types of aggravated assault offenses defined above that are Class 6 Felonies include assaults that are aggravated by the following factors:

• Victim is a firefighter, emergency medical technician, or paramedic
• Victim is a teacher, school nurse, or school employee
• Victim is a health care provider
• Victim is a prosecutor (no injuries), public defender, or judicial officer
• Victim is a child under 15 years of age (no serious physical injury and no deadly weapon or dangerous weapon used)
• Victim is a person who was tied up or whose ability to resist was substantially impaired.

The judge could place you on probation, with anywhere from 0 days in jail to 12 months in jail. The judge cold also sentence you to a prison term.  If sentenced to prison, the judge starts by considering the presumptive term of 1 year in prison. If there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances, then the judge can go down to 0.33 year in prison and go up to 2 years in prison.

AGGRAVATED ASSAULT LAWYER

Regardless of the way in which you have been accused of aggravated assault, you are facing serious felony charges. With serious charges come serious risks of a conviction, imprisonment, job loss and other penalties. You owe it to yourself to ensure that you employ the most effective aggravated assault possible. However, finding the best aggravated assault lawyer is no simple task. You need to ensure that the attorney you choose has the requisite knowledge of the law and trial experience.

At Feldman & Royle, we are experienced aggravated assault lawyers who have represented hundreds of clients charged aggravated assault in both plea negotiations and trial. We offer a confidential and free consultation in order to address your questions and map out a defense to your case.

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